A.R.S. tit. 14 ch. 7 — Arizona Revised Statutes Title 14 Chapter 7 — Trust Administration

14-7401. Definitions In this article, unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Accounting period" means a calendar year unless another twelve month period is selected by a fiduciary and includes a portion of a calendar year or other twelve month period that begins when an income interest begins or ends when an income interest ends. 2. "Beneficiary" includes, in the case of a decedent's estate, an heir, legatee and devisee and, in the case of a trust, an income beneficiary and a remainder beneficiary. 3. "Fiduciary" means a personal representative or a trustee and includes an executor, an administrator, a successor personal representative, a special administrator and a person performing substantially the same function. 4. "Income" means money or property that a fiduciary receives as current return from a principal asset and includes a portion of receipts from a sale, exchange or liquidation of a principal asset, to the extent provided in sections 14-7410 through 14-7424. 5. "Income beneficiary" means a person to whom net income of a trust is or may be payable. 6. "Income interest" means the right of an income beneficiary to receive all or part of net income, whether the terms of the trust require it to be distributed or authorize it to be distributed in the trustee's discretion. 7. "Mandatory income interest" means the right of an income beneficiary to receive net income that the terms of the trust require the fiduciary to distribute. 8. "Net income" means the total receipts allocated to income during an accounting period minus the disbursements made from income during the period, plus or minus transfers under this article to or from income during the period. 9. "Person" means any individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency or instrumentality, public corporation or other legal or commercial entity. 10. "Principal" means property held in trust for distribution to a remainder beneficiary when the trust terminates. 11. "Remainder beneficiary" means a person entitled to receive principal when an income interest ends. 12. "Terms of a trust" means the manifestation of the intent of a settlor or decedent with respect to the trust expressed in a manner that admits of its proof in a judicial proceeding, whether by written or spoken words or by conduct. 13. "Trustee" includes an original, additional or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or confirmed by a court. 14-7402. Fiduciary duties; general principles A. In allocating receipts and disbursements to or between principal and income, and with respect to any matter within the scope of sections 14-7405 through 14-7409, a fiduciary: 1. Shall administer a trust or estate in accordance with the terms of the trust or the will, even if there is a different provision in this article. 2. May administer a trust or estate by the exercise of a discretionary power of administration given to the fiduciary by the terms of the trust or the will, even if the exercise of the power produces a result different from a result required or permitted by this article. 3. Shall administer a trust or estate in accordance with this article if the terms of the trust or the will do not contain a different provision or do not give the fiduciary a discretionary power of administration. 4. Shall add a receipt or charge a disbursement to principal to the extent that the terms of the trust and this article do not provide a rule for allocating the receipt or disbursement to or between principal and income. B. In exercising the power to adjust under section 14-7403, subsection A or a discretionary power of administration regarding a matter within the scope of this article, whether granted by the terms of a trust, a will or this article, a fiduciary shall administer a trust or estate impartially, based on what is fair and reasonable to all of the beneficiaries, except to the extent that the terms of the trust or the will clearly manifest an intention that the fiduciary shall or may favor one or more of the beneficiaries. A determination in accordance with this article is presumed to be fair and reasonable to all of the beneficiaries. 14-7403. Trustee's power to adjust A. A trustee may adjust between principal and income to the extent the trustee considers necessary if the trustee invests and manages trust assets as a prudent investor, the terms of the trust describe the amount that may or must be distributed to a beneficiary by referring to the trust's income and the trustee determines, after applying the provisions of section 14-7402, subsection A, that the trustee is unable to comply with section 14-7402, subsection B. B. In deciding whether and to what extent to exercise the power conferred by subsection A of this section, a trustee shall consider all factors relevant to the trust and its beneficiaries, including the following factors to the extent they are relevant: 1. The nature, purpose and expected duration of the trust. 2. The intent of the settlor. 3. The identity and circumstances of the beneficiaries. 4. The need for liquidity, regularity of income and preservation and appreciation of capital. 5. The assets held in the trust and: (a) The extent to which: (i) They consist of financial assets, interests in closely held enterprises, tangible and intangible personal property or real property. (ii) An asset is used by a beneficiary. (b) Whether an asset was purchased by the trustee or received from the settlor. 6. The net amount allocated to income under this article and the increase or decrease in the value of the principal assets, which the trustee may estimate as to assets for which market values are not readily available. 7. Whether and to what extent the terms of the trust give the trustee the power to invade principal or accumulate income or prohibit the trustee from invading principal or accumulating income, and the extent to which the trustee has exercised a power from time to time to invade principal or accumulate income. 8. The actual and anticipated effect of economic conditions on principal and income and effects of inflation and deflation. 9. The anticipated tax consequences of an adjustment. 10. Whether the trust has been converted to a unitrust pursuant to section 14-11014. C. A trustee may not make an adjustment: 1. That diminishes the income interest in a trust that requires all of the income to be paid at least annually to a spouse and for which an estate tax or gift tax marital deduction would be allowed, in whole or in part, if the trustee did not have the power to make the adjustment. 2. That reduces the actuarial value of the income interest in a trust to which a person transfers property with the intent to qualify for a gift tax exclusion. 3. That changes the amount payable to a beneficiary as a fixed annuity or a fixed fraction of the value of the trust assets. 4. From any amount that is permanently set aside for charitable purposes under a will or the terms of a trust unless both income and principal are so set aside. 5. If possessing or exercising the power to make an adjustment causes an individual to be treated as the owner of all or part of the trust for income tax purposes and the individual would not be treated as the owner if the trustee did not possess the power to make an adjustment. 6. If possessing or exercising the power to make an adjustment causes all or part of the trust assets to be included for estate tax purposes in the estate of an individual who has the power to remove a trustee or appoint a trustee, or both, and the assets would not be included in the estate of the individual if the trustee did not possess the power to make an adjustment. 7. If the trustee is a beneficiary of the trust. 8. If the trustee is not a beneficiary, but the adjustment would benefit the trustee directly or indirectly. D. If subsection C, paragraph 5, 6, 7 or 8 of this section applies to a trustee and there is more than one trustee, a cotrustee to whom the provision does not apply may make the adjustment unless the exercise of the power by the remaining trustee or trustees is not permitted by the terms of the trust. E. A trustee may release the entire power conferred by subsection A of this section or may release only the power to adjust from income to principal or the power to adjust from principal to income if the trustee is uncertain about whether possessing or exercising the power will cause a result described in subsection C, paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 8 of this section, or if the trustee determines that possessing or exercising the power will or may deprive the trust of a tax benefit or impose a tax burden not described in subsection C of this section. The release may be permanent or for a specified period, including a period measured by the life of an individual. F. Terms of a trust that limit the power of a trustee to make an adjustment between principal and income do not affect the application of this section unless it is clear from the terms of the trust that the terms are intended to deny the trustee the power of adjustment conferred by subsection A of this section. 14-7404. Judicial control of discretionary powers A. A court shall not change a fiduciary's decision to exercise or not to exercise a discretionary power conferred by this article unless it determines that the decision was an abuse of the fiduciary's discretion. A court shall not determine that a fiduciary abused its discretion merely because the court would have exercised the discretion in a different manner or would not have exercised the discretion. B. The decisions to which subsection A of this section applies include: 1. A determination under section 14-7403, subsection A of whether and to what extent an amount should be transferred from principal to income or from income to principal. 2. A determination of the factors that are relevant to the trust and its beneficiaries, the extent to which they are relevant and the weight, if any, to be given to the relevant factors in deciding whether and to what extent to exercise the power conferred by section 14-7403, subsection A. C. If a court determines that a fiduciary has abused its discretion, the remedy is to restore the income and remainder beneficiaries to the positions they would have occupied if the fiduciary had not abused its discretion as follows: 1. To the extent that the abuse of discretion has not resulted in a distribution to a beneficiary or a distribution that is too small, the court shall require the fiduciary to distribute from the trust to the beneficiary an amount that the court determines will restore the beneficiary, in whole or in part, to that person's appropriate position. 2. To the extent that the abuse of discretion has resulted in a distribution to a beneficiary that is too large, the court shall restore the beneficiaries or the trust, or both, in whole or in part, to their appropriate positions by requiring the fiduciary to withhold an amount from one or more future distributions to the beneficiary who received the distribution that was too large or requiring that beneficiary to return some or all of the distribution to the trust. 3. To the extent that the court is unable, after applying paragraphs 1 and 2 of this subsection, to restore the beneficiaries or the trust, or both, to the positions they would have occupied if the fiduciary had not abused its discretion, the court may require the fiduciary to pay an appropriate amount from its own funds to one or more of the beneficiaries or the trust, or both. D. On a petition by the fiduciary, the court having jurisdiction over the trust or estate shall determine whether a proposed exercise or nonexercise by the fiduciary of a discretionary power conferred by this article will result in an abuse of the fiduciary's discretion. If the petition describes the proposed exercise or nonexercise of the power and contains sufficient information to inform the beneficiaries of the reasons for the proposal, the facts on which the fiduciary relies and an explanation of how the income and remainder beneficiaries will be affected by the proposed exercise or nonexercise of the power, a beneficiary who challenges the proposed exercise or nonexercise has the burden of establishing that it will result in an abuse of discretion. 14-7405. Determination and distribution of net income After a decedent dies, in the case of an estate, or after an income interest in a trust ends, the following apply: 1. A fiduciary of an estate or of a terminating income interest shall determine the amount of net income and net principal receipts received from property specifically given to a beneficiary pursuant to the provisions of sections 14-7407 through 14-7430 that apply to trustees and paragraph 5 of this section. The fiduciary shall distribute the net income and net principal receipts to the beneficiary who is to receive the specific property. 2. A fiduciary shall determine the remaining net income of a decedent's estate or a terminating income interest pursuant to the provisions of section 14-7407 through 14-7430 that apply to trustees and by: (a) Including in net income all income from property used to discharge liabilities. (b) Paying from income or principal, in the fiduciary's discretion, fees of attorneys, accountants and fiduciaries, court costs and other expenses of administration and interest on death taxes, but the fiduciary may pay those expenses from income of property passing to a trust for which the fiduciary claims an estate tax marital or charitable deduction only to the extent that the payment of those expenses from income will not cause the reduction or loss of the deduction. (c) Paying from principal all other disbursements made or incurred in connection with the settlement of a decedent's estate or the winding up of a terminating income interest, including debts, funeral expenses, disposition of remains, family allowances and death taxes and related penalties that are apportioned to the estate or terminating income interest by the will, the terms of the trust or applicable law. 3. A fiduciary shall distribute to a beneficiary who receives a pecuniary amount outright the interest or any other amount provided by the will, the terms of the trust or applicable law from net income determined under paragraph 2 of this section or from principal to the extent that net income is insufficient. If a beneficiary is to receive a pecuniary amount outright from a trust after an income interest ends and no interest or other amount is provided for by the terms of the trust or applicable law, the fiduciary shall distribute the interest or other amount to which the beneficiary would be entitled under applicable law if the pecuniary amount were required to be paid under a will. 4. A fiduciary shall distribute the net income remaining after distributions required by paragraph 3 of this section in the manner described in section 14-7406 to all other beneficiaries, including a beneficiary who receives a pecuniary amount in trust, even if the beneficiary holds an unqualified power to withdraw assets from the trust or other presently exercisable general power of appointment over the trust. 5. A fiduciary may not reduce principal or income receipts from property described in paragraph 1 of this section because of a payment described in section 14-7425 or 14-7426 to the extent that the will, the terms of the trust or applicable law requires the fiduciary to make the payment from assets other than the property or to the extent that the fiduciary recovers or expects to recover the payment from a third party. The net income and principal receipts from the property are determined by including all of the amounts the fiduciary receives or pays with respect to the property, whether those amounts accrued or became due before, on or after the date of a decedent's death or an income interest's terminating event, and by making a reasonable provision for amounts that the fiduciary believes the estate or terminating income interest may become obligated to pay after the property is distributed. 14-7406. Distribution to residuary and remainder beneficiaries A. Each beneficiary described in section 14-7405, paragraph 4 is entitled to receive a portion of the net income equal to the beneficiary's fractional interest in undistributed principal assets, using values as of the distribution date. If a fiduciary makes more than one distribution of assets to beneficiaries to whom this section applies, each beneficiary, including one who does not receive part of the distribution, is entitled, as of each distribution date, to the net income the fiduciary has received after the date of death or terminating event or earlier distribution date but has not distributed as of the current distribution date. B. In determining a beneficiary's share of net income, the following apply: 1. The beneficiary is entitled to receive a portion of the net income equal to the beneficiary's fractional interest in the undistributed principal assets immediately before the distribution date, including assets that later may be sold to meet principal obligations. 2. The beneficiary's fractional interest in the undistributed principal assets must be calculated without regard to property specifically given to a beneficiary and property required to pay pecuniary amounts not in trust. 3. The beneficiary's fractional interest in the undistributed principal assets must be calculated on the basis of the aggregate value of those assets as of the distribution date without reducing the value by any unpaid principal obligation. 4. The distribution date for purposes of this section may be the date as of which the fiduciary calculates the value of the assets if that date is reasonably near the date on which assets are actually distributed. C. If a fiduciary does not distribute all of the collected but undistributed net income to each person as of a distribution date, the fiduciary shall maintain appropriate records showing the interest of each beneficiary in that net income. D. A fiduciary may apply this section to the extent that the fiduciary considers it appropriate, to net gain or loss realized after the date of death or terminating event or earlier distribution date from the disposition of a principal asset if this section applies to the income from the asset. 14-7407. When right to income begins and ends A. An income beneficiary is entitled to net income from the date on which the income interest begins. An income interest begins on the date specified in the terms of the trust or, if no date is specified, on the date an asset becomes subject to a trust or successive income interest. B. An asset becomes subject to a trust on any of the following dates: 1. The date it is transferred to the trust in the case of an asset that is transferred to a trust during the transferor's life. 2. The date of a testator's death in the case of an asset that becomes subject to a trust by reason of a will, even if there is an intervening period of administration of the testator's estate. 3. The date of an individual's death in the case of an asset that is transferred to a fiduciary by a third party because of the individual's death. C. An asset becomes subject to a successive income interest on the day after the preceding income interest ends, as determined under subsection D, even if there is an intervening period of administration to wind up the preceding income interest. D. An income interest ends on the day before an income beneficiary dies or another terminating event occurs or on the last day of a period during which there is no beneficiary to whom a trustee may distribute income. 14-7408. Apportionment of receipts and disbursements when decedent dies or income interest begins A. A trustee shall allocate an income receipt or disbursement other than one to which section 14-7405, paragraph 1 applies to principal if its due date occurs before a decedent dies in the case of an estate or before an income interest begins in the case of a trust or successive income interest. B. A trustee shall allocate an income receipt or disbursement to income if its due date occurs on or after the date on which a decedent dies or an income interest begins and it is a periodic due date. An income receipt or disbursement must be treated as accruing from day to day if its due date is not periodic or it has no due date. The portion of the receipt or disbursement accruing before the date on which a decedent dies or an income interest begins must be allocated to principal and the balance must be allocated to income. C. An item of income or an obligation is due on the date the payer is required to make a payment. If a payment date is not stated, there is no due date for the purposes of this article. Distributions to shareholders or other owners from an entity to which section 14-7410 applies are deemed to be due on the date fixed by the entity for determining who is entitled to receive the distribution or, if no date is fixed, on the declaration date for the distribution. A due date is periodic for receipts or disbursements that must be paid at regular intervals under a lease or an obligation to pay interest or if an entity customarily makes distributions at regular intervals. 14-7409. Apportionment when income interest ends; definition A. When a mandatory income interest ends, the trustee shall pay to a mandatory income beneficiary who survives that date, or the estate of a deceased mandatory income beneficiary whose death causes the interest to end, the beneficiary's share of the undistributed income that is not disposed of under the terms of the trust unless the beneficiary has an unqualified power to revoke more than five per cent of the trust immediately before the income interest ends. In the latter case, the undistributed income from the portion of the trust that may be revoked must be added to principal. B. When a trustee's obligation to pay a fixed annuity or a fixed fraction of the value of the trust's assets ends, the trustee shall prorate the final payment to the extent required by applicable law to accomplish a purpose of the trust or its settlor relating to income, gift, estate or other tax requirements. C. For the purposes of this section, "undistributed income" means net income received before the date on which an income interest ends and does not include an item of income or expense that is due or accrued or net income that has been added or is required to be added to principal under the terms of the trust. 14-7410. Character of receipts; definition A. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a trustee shall allocate to income money received from an entity. B. A trustee shall allocate the following receipts from an entity to principal: 1. Property other than money. 2. Money received in one distribution or a series of related distributions in exchange for part or all of a trust's interest in the entity. 3. Money received in total or partial liquidation of the entity. 4. Money received from an entity that is a regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust if the money distributed is a capital gain dividend for federal income tax purposes. C. Money is received in partial liquidation either: 1. To the extent that the entity, at or near the time of a distribution, indicates that it is a distribution in partial liquidation. 2. If the total amount of money and property received in a distribution or series of related distributions is greater than twenty per cent of the entity's gross assets, as shown by the entity's year-end financial statements immediately preceding the initial receipt. D. Money is not received in partial liquidation, nor may it be taken into account under subsection C, paragraph 2 of this section to the extent that it does not exceed the amount of income tax that a trustee or beneficiary must pay on taxable income of the entity that distributes the money. E. A trustee may rely on a statement made by an entity about the source or character of a distribution if the statement is made at or near the time of distribution by the entity's board of directors or another person or group of persons authorized to exercise powers to pay money or transfer property comparable to those of a corporation's board of directors. F. For the purposes of this section, "entity" means any corporation, partnership, limited liability company, regulated investment company, real estate investment trust, common trust fund or other organization in which a trustee has an interest, other than a trust or estate to which section 14-7411 applies, a business or activity to which section 14-7412 applies or an asset-backed security to which section 14-7424 applies. 14-7411. Distribution from trust or estate A trustee shall allocate to income an amount received as a distribution of income from a trust or an estate in which the trust has an interest other than a purchased interest and shall allocate to principal an amount received as a distribution of principal from such a trust or estate. If a trustee purchases an interest in a trust that is an investment entity or a decedent or donor transfers an interest in such a trust to a trustee, section 14-7410 or 14-7424 applies to a receipt from the trust. 14-7412. Business and other activities conducted by trustee A. If a trustee who conducts a business or other activity determines that it is in the best interest of all of the beneficiaries to account separately for the business or activity instead of accounting for it as part of the trust's general accounting records, the trustee may maintain separate accounting records for its transactions, whether or not its assets are segregated from other trust assets. B. A trustee who accounts separately for any business or other activity may determine the extent to which its net cash receipts must be retained for working capital, the acquisition or replacement of fixed assets and other reasonably foreseeable needs of the business or activity and the extent to which the remaining net cash receipts are accounted for as principal or income in the trust's general accounting records. If a trustee sells assets of the business or other activity, other than in the ordinary course of the business or activity, the trustee shall account for the net amount received as principal in the trust's general accounting records to the extent the trustee determines that the amount received is no longer required in the conduct of the business. C. Activities for which a trustee may maintain separate accounting records include: 1. Retail, manufacturing, service and other traditional business activities. 2. Farming. 3. Raising and selling livestock and other animals. 4. Management of rental properties. 5. Extraction of minerals and other natural resources. 6. Timber operations. 7. Activities to which section 14-7423 applies. 14-7413. Principal receipts A trustee shall allocate to principal: 1. To the extent not allocated to income under this article, assets received from a transferor during the transferor's lifetime, a decedent's estate, a trust with a terminating income interest or a payer under a contract naming the trust or its trustee as beneficiary. 2. Money or other property received from the sale, exchange, liquidation or change in form of a principal asset, including realized profit, subject to this article. 3. Amounts recovered from third parties to reimburse the trust because of disbursements described in section 14-7426, subsection A, paragraph 7 or for other reasons to the extent not based on the loss of income. 4. Proceeds of property taken by eminent domain, but a separate award made for the loss of income with respect to an accounting period during which a current income beneficiary had a mandatory income interest is income. 5. Net income received in an accounting period during which there is no beneficiary to whom a trustee may or must distribute income. 6. Other receipts as provided in sections 14-7417 through 14-7424. 14-7414. Rental property To the extent that a trustee accounts for receipts from rental property pursuant to this section, the trustee shall allocate to income an amount received as rent of real or personal property, including an amount received for cancellation or renewal of a lease. An amount received as a refundable deposit, including a security deposit or a deposit that is to be applied as rent for future periods, must be added to principal and held subject to the terms of the lease and is not available for distribution to a beneficiary until the trustee's contractual obligations have been satisfied with respect to that amount. 14-7415. Obligation to pay money A. An amount received as interest, whether determined at a fixed, variable or floating rate, on an obligation to pay money to the trustee, including an amount received as consideration for prepaying principal, must be allocated to income without any provision for amortization of premium. B. A trustee shall allocate to principal an amount received from the sale, redemption or other disposition of an obligation to pay money to the trustee more than one year after it is purchased or acquired by the trustee, including an obligation whose purchase price or value when it is acquired is less than its value at maturity. If the obligation matures within one year after it is purchased or acquired by the trustee, an amount received in excess of its purchase price or its value when acquired by the trust must be allocated to income. C. This section does not apply to an obligation to which section 14-7418, 14-7419, 14-7420, 14-7421, 14-7423 or 14-7424 applies. 14-7416. Insurance policies and similar contracts A. Except as otherwise provided in subsection B of this section, a trustee shall allocate to principal the proceeds of a life insurance policy or other contract in which the trust or its trustee is named as beneficiary, including a contract that insures the trust or its trustee against loss for damage to, destruction of or loss of title to a trust asset. The trustee shall allocate dividends on an insurance policy to income if the premiums on the policy are paid from income, and to principal if the premiums are paid from principal. B. A trustee shall allocate to income proceeds of a contract that insures the trustee against loss of occupancy or other use by an income beneficiary, loss of income or, subject to section 14-7412, loss of profits from a business. C. This section does not apply to a contract to which section 14-7418 applies. 14-7417. Insubstantial allocations not required If a trustee determines that an allocation between principal and income required by section 14-7418, 14-7419, 14-7420, 14-7421 or 14-7424 is insubstantial, the trustee may allocate the entire amount to principal unless one of the circumstances described in section 14-7403, subsection C applies to the allocation. This power may be exercised by a cotrustee in the circumstances described in section 14-7403, subsection D and may be released for the reasons and in the manner described in section 14-7403, subsection E. An allocation is presumed to be insubstantial if either: 1. The amount of the allocation would increase or decrease net income in an accounting period, as determined before the allocation, by less than ten per cent. 2. The value of the asset producing the receipt for which the allocation would be made is less than ten per cent of the total value of the trust's assets at the beginning of the accounting period. 14-7418. Deferred compensation, annuities and similar payments; definition A. To the extent that a payment is characterized as interest or a dividend, or a payment made in lieu of interest or a dividend, a trustee shall allocate it to income. The trustee shall allocate to principal the balance of the payment and any other payment received in the same accounting period that is not characterized as interest, a dividend or an equivalent payment. B. If no part of a payment is characterized as interest, a dividend or an equivalent payment, and all or part of the payment is required to be made, a trustee shall allocate to income ten per cent of the part that is required to be made during the accounting period and the balance to principal. If no part of a payment is required to be made or the payment received is the entire amount to which the trustee is entitled, the trustee shall allocate the entire payment to principal. For the purposes of this subsection, a payment is not required to be made to the extent that it is made because the trustee exercises a right of withdrawal. C. If, to obtain an estate tax marital deduction for a trust, a trustee must allocate more of a payment to income than provided for by this section, the trustee shall allocate to income the additional amount necessary to obtain the marital deduction. Except as otherwise provided in subsection D of this section, subsections E and F of this section apply, and subsections A and B of this section do not apply, in determining the allocation of a payment made from a separate fund to: 1. A trust to which an election to qualify for a marital deduction under 26 United States Code section 2056(b)(7), as amended, has been made. 2. A trust that qualifies for the marital deduction under 26 United States Code section 2056(b)(5), as amended. D. Subsections C, E and F of this section do not apply to the extent that the series of payments, without the application of subsection C of this section, would qualify for the marital deduction under 26 United States Code section 2056(b)(7)(C), as amended. E. A trustee shall determine the internal income of each separate fund for the accounting period as if the separate fund were a trust subject to this article. On request of the surviving spouse, the trustee shall demand that the person administering the separate fund distribute the internal income to the trust. The trustee shall allocate a payment from the separate fund to income to the extent of the internal income of the separate fund and distribute that amount to the surviving spouse. The trustee shall allocate the balance of the payment to the principal. On request of the surviving spouse, the trustee shall allocate principal to income to the extent the internal income of the separate fund exceeds payments made from the separate fund to the trust during the accounting period. F. If a trustee cannot determine the internal income of a separate fund but can determine the value of the separate fund, the internal income of the separate fund is deemed to equal four per cent of the fund's value, according to the most recent statement of value preceding the beginning of the accounting period. If the trustee cannot determine the internal income of the separate fund or the fund's value, the internal income of the fund is deemed to equal the product of the interest rate and the present value of the expected future payments, as determined under section 7520 of the internal revenue code of 1986, as amended, 26 United States Code section 7520, as amended, for the month preceding the accounting period for which the computation is made. G. This section does not apply to a payment to which section 14-7419 applies. H. For the purposes of this section, "payment" means a payment that a trustee may receive over a fixed number of years or during the life of one or more individuals because of services rendered or property transferred to the payer in exchange for future payments. Payment includes a payment made in money or property from the payer's general assets or from a separate fund created by the payer, including a private or commercial annuity, an individual retirement account and a pension, profit sharing, stock bonus or stock ownership plan. For purposes of subsections C, D, E and F of this section, payment also includes any payment from any separate fund, regardless of the reason for the payment. 14-7419. Liquidating assets; definition A. A trustee shall allocate to income ten per cent of the receipts from a liquidating asset and the balance to principal. B. For the purposes of this section, "liquidating asset": 1. Means an asset whose value will diminish or terminate because the asset is expected to produce receipts for a period of limited duration. 2. Includes a leasehold, patent, copyright, royalty right and right to receive payments during a period of more than one year under an arrangement that does not provide for the payment of interest on the unpaid balance. 3. Does not include: (a) A payment subject to section 14-7418. (b) Resources subject to section 14-7420. (c) Timber subject to section 14-7421. (d) An activity subject to section 14-7423. (e) An asset subject to section 14-7424. (f) Any asset for which the trustee establishes a reserve for depreciation under section 14-7427. 14-7420. Minerals, water and other natural resources A. To the extent that a trustee accounts for receipts from an interest in minerals or other natural resources pursuant to this section, the trustee shall allocate them as follows: 1. If received as nominal delay rental or nominal annual rent on a lease, a receipt must be allocated to income. 2. If received from a production payment, a receipt must be allocated to income if and to the extent that the agreement creating the production payment provides a factor for interest or its equivalent. The balance must be allocated to principal. 3. If an amount received as a royalty, shut-in-well payment, take-or-pay payment, bonus or delay rental is more than nominal, ninety per cent must be allocated to principal and the balance to income. 4. If an amount is received from a working interest or any other interest not provided for in paragraph 1, 2 or 3, ninety per cent of the net amount received must be allocated to principal and the balance to income. B. An amount received on account of an interest in water that is renewable must be allocated to income. If the water is not renewable, ninety per cent of the amount must be allocated to principal and the balance to income. C. This article applies whether or not a decedent or donor was extracting minerals, water or other natural resources before the interest became subject to the trust. D. If a trust owns an interest in minerals, water or other natural resources on the effective date of this article, the trustee may allocate receipts from the interest as provided in this article or in the manner used by the trustee before the effective date of this article. If the trust acquires an interest in minerals, water or other natural resources after the effective date of this article, the trustee shall allocate receipts from the interest as provided in this article. 14-7421. Timber A. To the extent that a trustee accounts for receipts from the sale of timber and related products pursuant to this section, the trustee shall allocate the net receipts: 1. To income to the extent that the amount of timber removed from the land does not exceed the rate of growth of the timber during the accounting periods in which a beneficiary has a mandatory income interest. 2. To principal to the extent that the amount of timber removed from the land exceeds the rate of growth of the timber or the net receipts are from the sale of standing timber. 3. To or between income and principal if the net receipts are from the lease of timberland or from a contract to cut timber from land owned by a trust, by determining the amount of timber removed from the land under the lease or contract and applying paragraphs 1 and 2. 4. To principal to the extent that advance payments, bonuses and other payments are not allocated pursuant to paragraph 1, 2 or 3. B. In determining net receipts to be allocated pursuant to subsection A, a trustee shall deduct and transfer to principal a reasonable amount for depletion. C. This article applies whether or not a decedent or transferor was harvesting timber from the property before it became subject to the trust. D. If a trust owns an interest in timberland on the effective date of this article, the trustee may allocate net receipts from the sale of timber and related products as provided in this article or in the manner used by the trustee before the effective date of this article. If the trust acquires an interest in timberland after the effective date of this article, the trustee shall allocate net receipts from the sale of timber and related products as provided in this article. 14-7422. Property not productive of income A. If a marital deduction is allowed for all or part of a trust whose assets consist substantially of property that does not provide the spouse with sufficient income from or use of the trust assets, and if the amounts that the trustee transfers from principal to income under section 14-7403 and distributes to the spouse from principal pursuant to the terms of the trust are insufficient to provide the spouse with the beneficial enjoyment required to obtain the marital deduction, the spouse may require the trustee to make property productive of income, convert property within a reasonable time or exercise the power conferred by section 14-7403, subsection A. The trustee may decide which action or combination of actions to take. B. In cases not governed by subsection A of this section, proceeds from the sale or other disposition of an asset are principal without regard to the amount of income the asset produces during any accounting period. 14-7423. Derivatives and options; definition A. To the extent that a trustee does not account under section 14-7412 for transactions in derivatives, the trustee shall allocate to principal receipts from and disbursements made in connection with those transactions. B. If a trustee grants an option to buy property from the trust, whether or not the trust owns the property when the option is granted, grants an option that permits another person to sell property to the trust or acquires an option to buy property for the trust or an option to sell an asset owned by the trust, and the trustee or other owner of the asset is required to deliver the asset if the option is exercised, an amount received for granting the option must be allocated to principal. An amount paid to acquire the option must be paid from principal. A gain or loss realized on the exercise of an option, including an option granted to a settlor of the trust for services rendered, must be allocated to principal. C. For the purposes of this section, "derivative" means a contract or financial instrument or a combination of contracts and financial instruments that gives a trust the right or obligation to participate in some or all changes in the price of a tangible or intangible asset or group of assets or changes in a rate, an index of prices or rates or other market indicator for an asset or a group of assets. 14-7424. Asset-backed securities; definition A. If a trust receives a payment from interest or other current return and from other proceeds of the collateral financial assets, the trustee shall allocate to income the portion of the payment that the payer identifies as being from interest or other current return and shall allocate the balance of the payment to principal. B. If a trust receives one or more payments in exchange for the trust's entire interest in an asset-backed security in one accounting period, the trustee shall allocate the payments to principal. If a payment is one of a series of payments that will result in the liquidation of the trust's interest in the security over more than one accounting period, the trustee shall allocate ten per cent of the payment to income and the balance to principal. C. For the purposes of this section, "asset-backed security": 1. Means an asset whose value is based on the right it gives the owner to receive distributions from the proceeds of financial assets that provide collateral for the security. 2. Includes an asset that gives the owner the right to receive from the collateral financial assets only the interest or other current return or only the proceeds other than interest or current return. 3. Does not include an asset to which section 14-7410 or 14-7418 applies. 14-7425. Disbursements from income A trustee shall make the following disbursements from income to the extent that they are not disbursements to which section 14-7405, paragraph 2, subdivision (b) or (c) applies: 1. One-half of the regular compensation of the trustee and of any person providing investment advisory or custodial services to the trustee, whether based on a percentage of income or principal, a fixed amount or an hourly charge. 2. One-half of all expenses for accountings, regularly recurring income tax preparation services, judicial proceedings or other matters that involve both the income and remainder interests. 3. All of the other ordinary expenses incurred in connection with the administration, management or preservation of trust property and the distribution of income, including interest, ordinary repairs, regularly recurring taxes assessed against principal and expenses of a proceeding or other matter that concerns primarily the income interest. 4. Recurring premiums on insurance covering the loss of a principal asset or the loss of income from or use of the asset. 14-7426. Disbursements from principal A. A trustee shall make the following disbursements from principal: 1. The remaining one-half of the disbursements described in section 14-7425, paragraphs 1 and 2. 2. All of the trustee's compensation calculated on principal as a fee for acceptance, distribution or termination and disbursements made to prepare property for sale. 3. Payments on the principal of a trust debt. 4. Expenses of a proceeding that concerns primarily principal, including a proceeding to construe the trust or to protect the trust or its property. 5. Premiums paid on a policy of insurance not described in section 14-7425, paragraph 4 of which the trust is the owner and beneficiary. 6. Estate, inheritance and other transfer taxes, including penalties, apportioned to the trust. 7. Disbursements related to environmental matters, including reclamation, assessing environmental conditions, remedying and removing environmental contamination, monitoring remedial activities and the release of substances, preventing future releases of substances, collecting amounts from persons liable or potentially liable for the costs of those activities, penalties imposed under environmental laws or regulations and other payments made to comply with those laws or regulations, statutory or common law claims by third parties and defending claims based on environmental matters. B. If a principal asset is encumbered with an obligation that requires income from that asset to be paid directly to the creditor, the trustee shall transfer from principal to income an amount equal to the income paid to the creditor in reduction of the principal balance of the obligation. 14-7427. Transfers from income to principal for depreciation; definition A. A trustee may transfer to principal a reasonable amount of the net cash receipts from a principal asset that is subject to depreciation but may not transfer any amount for depreciation: 1. Of that portion of real property used or available for use by a beneficiary as a residence or of tangible personal property held or made available for the personal use or enjoyment of a beneficiary. 2. During the administration of a decedent's estate. 3. Under this section if the trustee is accounting under section 14-7412 for the business or activity in which the asset is used. B. An amount transferred to principal need not be held as a separate fund. C. For the purposes of this section, "depreciation" means a reduction in value due to wear, tear, decay, corrosion or gradual obsolescence of a fixed asset having a useful life of more than one year. 14-7428. Transfers from income to reimburse principal A. If a trustee makes or expects to make a principal disbursement described in this section, the trustee may transfer an appropriate amount from income to principal in one or more accounting periods to reimburse principal or to provide a reserve for future principal disbursements. B. Principal disbursements to which subsection A of this section applies include the following, but only to the extent that the trustee has not been and does not expect to be reimbursed by a third party: 1. An amount chargeable to income but paid from principal because it is unusually large, including extraordinary repairs. 2. A capital improvement to a principal asset, whether in the form of changes to an existing asset or the construction of a new asset, including special assessments. 3. Disbursements made to prepare property for rental, including tenant allowances, leasehold improvements and brokers' commissions. 4. Periodic payments on an obligation secured by a principal asset to the extent that the amount transferred from income to principal for depreciation is less than the periodic payments. 5. Disbursements described in section 14-7426, subsection A, paragraph 7. C. If the asset whose ownership gives rise to the disbursements becomes subject to a successive income interest after an income interest ends, a trustee may continue to transfer amounts from income to principal as provided in subsection A of this section. 14-7429. Income taxes A. A tax required to be paid by a trustee based on receipts allocated to income must be paid from income. B. A tax required to be paid by a trustee based on receipts allocated to principal must be paid from principal, even if the tax is called an income tax by the taxing authority. C. A tax required to be paid by a trustee on the trust's share of an entity's taxable income must be paid: 1. From income to the extent that receipts from the entity are allocated to income. 2. From principal to the extent that receipts from the entity are allocated only to principal. 3. Proportionately from principal and income to the extent that receipts from the entity are allocated to both income and principal. 4. From principal to the extent that the tax exceeds the total receipts from the entity. D. After applying subsections A, B and C, the trustee shall adjust income or principal receipts to the extent that the trust's taxes are reduced because the trust receives a deduction for payments made to a beneficiary. 14-7430. Adjustments between principal and income because of taxes A. A fiduciary may make adjustments between principal and income to offset the shifting of economic interests or tax benefits between income beneficiaries and remainder beneficiaries that arise from: 1. Elections and decisions, other than those described in subsection B, that the fiduciary makes from time to time regarding tax matters. 2. An income tax or any other tax that is imposed on the fiduciary or a beneficiary as a result of a transaction involving or a distribution from the estate or trust. 3. The ownership by an estate or trust of an interest in an entity whose taxable income, whether or not distributed, is includible in the taxable income of the estate, the trust or a beneficiary. B. If the amount of an estate tax marital deduction or charitable contribution deduction is reduced because a fiduciary deducts an amount paid from principal for income tax purposes instead of deducting it for estate tax purposes, and as a result estate taxes paid from principal are increased and income taxes paid by an estate, trust or beneficiary are decreased, each estate, trust or beneficiary that benefits from the decrease in income tax shall reimburse the principal from which the increase in estate tax is paid. The total reimbursement must equal the increase in the estate tax to the extent that the principal used to pay the increase would have qualified for a marital deduction or charitable contribution deduction but for the payment. The proportionate share of the reimbursement for each estate, trust or beneficiary whose income taxes are reduced must be the same as its proportionate share of the total decrease in income tax. An estate or trust shall reimburse principal from income. 14-7431. Proposed actions; notification; definition A. A trustee may, but is not required to, give notice of a proposed action regarding a matter governed by this article as provided in this section. B. The trustee shall mail notice of a proposed action, by certified, registered or ordinary first class mail, to all beneficiaries who are receiving, or are entitled to receive, income from the trust or to receive a distribution of principal if the trust were terminated at the time the notice is given. The trustee must give notice to any beneficiary under any incapacity pursuant to section 14-1403. C. The trustee is not required to give notice of a proposed action to any person who consents in writing to the proposed action. A person may give consent at any time before or after the proposed action is taken. D. The notice of the proposed action shall state that it is given pursuant to this article and shall contain all of the following: 1. The name and mailing address of the trustee. 2. The name and telephone number of a person who may be contacted for additional information. 3. A description of the action proposed to be taken and an explanation of the reasons for the action. 4. The time within which objections to the proposed action can be made, which shall be at least thirty days after the mailing of the notice. 5. The date on or after which the proposed action may be taken or is effective. E. A beneficiary may object to the proposed action by mailing a written objection to the trustee at the address stated in the notice of proposed action within the time period specified in the notice of proposed action. F. A trustee is not liable to a beneficiary for an action regarding a matter governed by this article if the trustee does not receive a written objection to the proposed action from the beneficiary within the applicable time period and the other requirements of this article are satisfied. If a beneficiary entitled to notice does not object under this section, the trustee is not liable to any current or future beneficiary with respect to the proposed action. G. If the trustee receives a written objection within the applicable time period, either the trustee or a beneficiary may petition the court to have the proposed action taken as proposed, taken with modifications or not taken at all. An objecting beneficiary has the burden of proving that the trustee's proposed action should not be taken. A beneficiary who has not objected may oppose the proposed action in such a proceeding. If the trustee decides not to implement the proposed action, the trustee shall notify the beneficiaries of the decision not to take the action and the reasons for the decision. The trustee's decision not to implement the proposed action does not give rise to liability to any current or future beneficiary. In such circumstances, a beneficiary may petition the court to have the action taken and has the burden of proving that it should be taken. H. For the purposes of this section, "proposed action" includes a course of action or a decision not to take a course of action. 14-7501. Definitions A. In this article, unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Bank" includes commercial banks, savings banks, trust companies, and any person or association of persons, whether incorporated or not, carrying on the business of banking. 2. "Fiduciary" includes a trustee under any trust, expressed, implied, resulting or constructive, executor, administrator, guardian, conservator, curator, receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, assignee for the benefit of creditors, partner, agent, officer of a corporation, public or private, public officer, or any other person acting in a fiduciary capacity for any person, trust or estate. 3. "Person" includes a corporation, partnership, or other association, or two or more persons having a joint or common interest. 4. "Principal" includes any person to whom a fiduciary as such owes an obligation. B. A thing is done "in good faith" within the meaning of this article, when it is in fact done honestly, whether it be done negligently or not. 14-7502. Application of payments made to fiduciaries A person who in good faith pays or transfers to a fiduciary any money or other property which the fiduciary as such is authorized to receive, is not responsible for the proper application thereof by the fiduciary; and any right or title acquired from the fiduciary in consideration of such payment or transfer is not invalid in consequence of a misapplication by the fiduciary. 14-7503. Transfer of negotiable instrument by fiduciary If any negotiable instrument payable or endorsed to a fiduciary as such is endorsed by the fiduciary, or if any negotiable instrument payable or endorsed to his principal is endorsed by a fiduciary empowered to endorse such instrument on behalf of his principal, the endorsee is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in endorsing or delivering the instrument, and is not chargeable with notice that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary unless he takes the instrument with actual knowledge of such breach or with knowledge of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith. If, however, such instrument is transferred by the fiduciary in payment of or as security for a personal debt of the fiduciary to the actual knowledge of the creditor or is transferred in any transaction known by the transferee to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, the creditor or other transferee is liable to the principal if the fiduciary in fact commits a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in transferring the instrument. 14-7504. Check drawn by fiduciary payable to third person If a check or other bill of exchange is drawn by a fiduciary as such, or in the name of his principal by a fiduciary empowered to draw such instrument in the name of his principal, the payee is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as a fiduciary in drawing or delivering the instrument, and is not chargeable with notice that the fiduciary is committing a breach of his obligation as fiduciary unless he takes the instrument with actual knowledge of such breach or with knowledge of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith. If, however, such instrument is payable to a personal creditor of the fiduciary and delivered to the creditor in payment of or as security for a personal debt of the fiduciary to the actual knowledge of the creditor or is drawn and delivered in any transaction known by the payee to be for the personal benefit of the fiduciary, the creditor or other payee is liable to the principal if the fiduciary in fact commits a breach of his obligation as fiduciary in drawing or delivering the instrument. 14-7505. Check drawn by and payable to fiduciary If a check or other bill of exchange is drawn by a fiduciary as such or in the name of his principal by a fiduciary empowered to draw such instrument in the name of his principal, payable to the fiduciary personally, or payable to a third person and by him transferred to the fiduciary, and is thereafter transferred by the fiduciary, whether in payment of a personal debt of the fiduciary or otherwise, the transferee is not bound to inquire whether the fiduciary i